Release: 2.0.41 | Release Date: May 14, 2025

# SQLAlchemy 2.0 Documentation

# Horizontal Sharding

Horizontal sharding support.

Defines a rudimental ‘horizontal sharding’ system which allows a Session to distribute queries and persistence operations across multiple databases.

For a usage example, see the Horizontal Sharding example included in the source distribution.

Deep Alchemy

The horizontal sharding extension is an advanced feature, involving a complex statement -> database interaction as well as use of semi-public APIs for non-trivial cases. Simpler approaches to refering to multiple database “shards”, most commonly using a distinct `Session` per “shard”, should always be considered first before using this more complex and less-production-tested system.

## API Documentation

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
set_shard_id | a loader option for statements to apply a specific shard id to the primary query as well as for additional relationship and column loaders.
ShardedQuery | Query class used with `ShardedSession`.
ShardedSession |

class sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.ShardedSession

  Members

  __init__(), connection_callable(), get_bind()

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.ShardedSession` (`sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`)

  method `sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.ShardedSession.`__init__(shard_chooser: ShardChooser, identity_chooser: Optional[IdentityChooser] = None, execute_chooser: Optional[Callable[[ORMExecuteState], Iterable[Any]]] = None, shards: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, query_cls: Type[Query[_T]] = <class 'sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.ShardedQuery'>, *, id_chooser: Optional[Callable[[Query[_T], Iterable[_T]], Iterable[Any]]] = None, query_chooser: Optional[Callable[[Executable], Iterable[Any]]] = None, **kwargs: Any) → None

    Construct a ShardedSession.

    Parameters:

      - shard_chooser – A callable which, passed a Mapper, a mapped instance, and possibly a SQL clause, returns a shard ID. This id may be based off of the attributes present within the object, or on some round-robin scheme. If the scheme is based on a selection, it should set whatever state on the instance to mark it in the future as participating in that shard.

      - identity_chooser –

        A callable, passed a Mapper and primary key argument, which should return a list of shard ids where this primary key might reside.

        > Changed in version 2.0: The `identity_chooser` parameter supersedes the `id_chooser` parameter.

      - execute_chooser –

        For a given `ORMExecuteState`, returns the list of shard_ids where the query should be issued. Results from all shards returned will be combined together into a single listing.

        Changed in version 1.4: The `execute_chooser` parameter supersedes the `query_chooser` parameter.

      - shards – A dictionary of string shard names to `Engine` objects.

  method `sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.ShardedSession.`connection_callable(mapper: Mapper[_T] | None = None, instance: Any | None = None, shard_id: ShardIdentifier | None = None, **kw: Any) → Connection

    Provide a `Connection` to use in the unit of work flush process.

  method `sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.ShardedSession.`get_bind(mapper: _EntityBindKey[_O] | None = None, *, shard_id: ShardIdentifier | None = None, instance: Any | None = None, clause: ClauseElement | None = None, **kw: Any) → _SessionBind

    Return a “bind” to which this `Session` is bound.

    The “bind” is usually an instance of `Engine`, except in the case where the `Session` has been explicitly bound directly to a `Connection`.

    For a multiply-bound or unbound `Session`, the `mapper` or `clause` arguments are used to determine the appropriate bind to return.

    Note that the “mapper” argument is usually present when `Session.get_bind()` is called via an ORM operation such as a `Session.query()`, each individual INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operation within a `Session.flush()`, call, etc.

    The order of resolution is:

    1. if mapper given and `Session.binds` is present, locate a bind based first on the mapper in use, then on the mapped class in use, then on any base classes that are present in the `__mro__` of the mapped class, from more specific superclasses to more general.

    2. if clause given and `Session.binds` is present, locate a bind based on `Table` objects found in the given clause present in `Session.binds`.

    3. if `Session.binds` is present, return that.

    4. if clause given, attempt to return a bind linked to the `MetaData` ultimately associated with the clause.

    5. if mapper given, attempt to return a bind linked to the `MetaData` ultimately associated with the `Table` or other selectable to which the mapper is mapped.

    6. No bind can be found, `UnboundExecutionError` is raised.

    Note that the `Session.get_bind()` method can be overridden on a user-defined subclass of `Session` to provide any kind of bind resolution scheme. See the example at Custom Vertical Partitioning.

    Parameters:

      - mapper – Optional mapped class or corresponding `Mapper` instance. The bind can be derived from a `Mapper` first by consulting the “binds” map associated with this `Session`, and secondly by consulting the `MetaData` associated with the `Table` to which the `Mapper` is mapped for a bind.

      - clause – A `ClauseElement` (i.e. `select()`, `text()`, etc.). If the `mapper` argument is not present or could not produce a bind, the given expression construct will be searched for a bound element, typically a `Table` associated with bound `MetaData`.

    See also

    Partitioning Strategies (e.g. multiple database backends per Session)

    `Session.binds`

    `Session.bind_mapper()`

    `Session.bind_table()`

class sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.set_shard_id

  a loader option for statements to apply a specific shard id to the primary query as well as for additional relationship and column loaders.

  The `set_shard_id` option may be applied using the `Executable.options()` method of any executable statement:

      stmt = (
          select(MyObject)
          .where(MyObject.name == "some name")
          .options(set_shard_id("shard1"))
      )

  Above, the statement when invoked will limit to the “shard1” shard identifier for the primary query as well as for all relationship and column loading strategies, including eager loaders such as `selectinload()`, deferred column loaders like `defer()`, and the lazy relationship loader `lazyload()`.

  In this way, the `set_shard_id` option has much wider scope than using the “shard_id” argument within the `Session.execute.bind_arguments` dictionary.

  New in version 2.0.0.

  Members

  __init__(), propagate_to_loaders

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.set_shard_id` (`sqlalchemy.orm.ORMOption`)

  method `sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.set_shard_id.`__init__(shard_id: str, propagate_to_loaders: bool = True)

    Construct a `set_shard_id` option.

    Parameters:

      - shard_id – shard identifier

      - propagate_to_loaders – if left at its default of `True`, the shard option will take place for lazy loaders such as `lazyload()` and `defer()`; if False, the option will not be propagated to loaded objects. Note that `defer()` always limits to the shard_id of the parent row in any case, so the parameter only has a net effect on the behavior of the `lazyload()` strategy.

  attribute `sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.set_shard_id.`propagate_to_loaders

    if True, indicate this option should be carried along to “secondary” SELECT statements that occur for relationship lazy loaders as well as attribute load / refresh operations.

class sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.ShardedQuery

  Query class used with `ShardedSession`.

  Legacy Feature

  The `ShardedQuery` is a subclass of the legacy `Query` class. The `ShardedSession` now supports 2.0 style execution via the `ShardedSession.execute()` method.

  Members

  set_shard()

  Class signature

  class `sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.ShardedQuery` (`sqlalchemy.orm.Query`)

  method `sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard.ShardedQuery.`set_shard(shard_id: str) → Self

    Return a new query, limited to a single shard ID.

    All subsequent operations with the returned query will be against the single shard regardless of other state.

    The shard_id can be passed for a 2.0 style execution to the bind_arguments dictionary of `Session.execute()`:

        results = session.execute(stmt, bind_arguments={"shard_id": "my_shard"})